1860 United States Federal Census

State: Mississippi
County: Pontotoc
Post Office: Ellistown
Date: July 24, 1860

Note 1: Winnie's name is misspelled in the census as “Winny”.
Note 2: Susan Anna's name is misspelled in the census as “Susana”.

Source: U.S. Census. Year: 1860; Census Place: Pontotoc, Mississippi; Roll: M653_590; Page: 603; Image: 123; Family History Library Film: 803590

A civil war is a war between citizens of the same state contending for control of the same government. The war between the North and South was the war of the North against a separate government, that as long as it lasted was a de facto nation, exercising all the powers of an independent government. The term “civil war” concedes all that the North ever claimed, makes [the South] guilty of treason, and is untrue to the facts in the case. [The] term “civil war,” while incorrect as a simple definition of the struggle, does a gross injustice to the South by degrading her struggle for a national existence into a partisan conflict. I never use it and mark it out of every book where I find it. Let history tell the truth.
Rev. S.A. Steel, Jackson, Tenn.

Source: “The Phrase “Civil War,” Confederate Veteran, July 1912, pg. 347

The Conscription Act

On April 16, 1862, the Confederacy—in need of troops to fight in its armies—passed the Conscription Act, the first effective general military draft in America.

When the “War of Northern Aggression” began, the Confederacy had set its volunteers’ terms of enlistment for one year. However, as the year mark neared, it became obvious that the war would last for much longer and that the Confederate armies would need more soldiers. So in April 1862, in a secret session of the Confederate Congress, the Conscription Act was passed, which drafted healthy white men ages 18 to 35 for three-year terms (later acts would extend the ages first to 18 to 45, and later to 17 to 50). The Confederate Congress also extended the terms of those already serving under one-year enlistments for another two years (though the soldiers would effectively serve for the duration of the war).

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The act allowed those drafted to find substitutes to serve in their place (though this would be discontinued in December 1863) and exempted men serving in occupations deemed critical to the war effort or civilian life. In the fall of 1862, exemptions were also extended to those who owned or oversaw 20 or more slaves.

The U.S. Federal government instituted its own draft a year later, in March 1863. The Enrollment Act called on men ages 20 to 45 to register for the draft. As in the South, substitutes were allowed, or else men could pay a $300 commutation fee (though commutation fees were eventually banned in 1864). Like the Confederacy, the U.S. Federal government allowed some exemptions for certain occupations, physical disability, and religious conscientious objectors.

Conscription was partially meant to encourage voluntary enlistment, as those who joined as volunteers were eligible to receive bounty money (enlistment bonuses) from states, counties, cities, and the U.S. federal government—in some cases totaling a sum upwards of $1,000. However, these bounties created the problem of bounty jumping, wherein men would volunteer, collect the money, then desert and re-enlist elsewhere and collect that money as well.

In the Union and Confederacy, conscription was generally a disproportional burden on the poor, since they were unable to pay for a substitute or a commutation fee. But while the draft was hated in both the North and the South, it was only in the North that it sparked riots, the most violent of which killed more than a hundred people—many of them black—in the New York City Draft Riots of July 1863.

Sources:
https://blog.fold3.com/americas-first-military-draft-begins-april-16-1862/
https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4643787/confederate_conscription_bill_passed/

1880 United States Federal Census

State: Mississippi
County: Union
Date: June 20, 1880

Note 1: The census misspells “Randle” as “Randell”. Note 2: The census misspells “Winnie” as “Winny”.

Source: U.S. Census. Year: 1880; Census Place: Union, Mississippi; Roll: 666; Family History Film: 1254666; Page: 290D; Enumeration District: 203

1900 United States Federal Census

State: Mississippi
County: Union
Township or Other Division of County: Ellistown
Date: June 18, 1900

Note: According to the Census, all of the family could read and write.

Source: U.S. Census. Year: 1900; Census Place: Ellistown, Union, Mississippi; Roll: 830; Page: 10A; Enumeration District: 0126; FHL microfilm: 1240830

1910 United States Federal Census

State: Mississippi
County: Union
Name of Incorporated Place: Keownville
Date: April 22, 1910

Note 1: The Census taker erroneously recorded Sallie Mae's name as “May S.” Randle.
Note 2: The Census taker erroneously recorded Winnie Angeline Hardy Randle's name as “Willie” Randle.
Note 3: According to the Census, Winnie, Issac & his wife, May, could all read and write.

Source: U.S. Census. Year: 1910; Census Place: Keownville, Union, Mississippi; Roll: T624_761; Page: 5A; Enumeration District: 0110; FHL microfilm: 1374774